Borjomi in israel

Our project consists of several parts: Company review History of company Market strategies The review of competitors PESTLE analysis Cultural overview Action plan Our product is â€Å"Boredom† and â€Å"Boredom Spring†. Our destination market is Israel. The reason we chose this country is the shortage of water which faces the population. Market Strategies Direct Exporting For â€Å"Boredom† it will be better to enter into Israel's market via Direct Exporting. Direct Exporting is the way to sell your products to your customers without any intermediaries, be in touch with them all the time and get feedback directly from them.Direct Exporting will help â€Å"Boredom† to eliminate fixed costs, such as rent for offices, utility payments, etc. Direct Exporting helps to the firm boost sales and increase market shares. Through direct exporting activities† Boredom† will gain the valuable experience and expertise about working internationally. The disadv antages for direct exporting should be the complexity of logistics and distribution channels. â€Å"Boredom† will need to build up some export organization which solves all these problems on Its behalf. This organization will have to communicate with these parties to thrive sales.Joint Venture the same production lines and have the same aims. In addition, while using this market entry mode there is a possibility to have conflicts with your local partners, agency problems that arise when one party is expected to act in another's best interests. JP provides lack of managerial control; you cannot manage all issues concerning with the ongoing activities. Sometimes JP creates a competitor for the firm. It often happens that foreign investors lose whole product markets to previous joint venture partners.Franchising A management Contract with a particular company will be an advantage for DC Boredom Georgia. A management Contract helps to Georgian company to improve the quality and b ecome more competitive controlled under Israel specialist for both, home and host markets. It is normal when the experienced company sells its management expertise to small developing firm in developing country. A management contract should be a case for cost saving by using its resources more rationally which improves the technical assistance and the employees' skills.The problem with a management contract should be that potential returns are limited by contract. Chosen Strategy The most acceptable strategy for â€Å"Boredom† will be direct exporting because â€Å"boredom† has enough experience to work independently internationally. The company's potential profits will be greater because it is eliminating intermediaries. It will get slightly better protection for its trademarks, patents and copyrights. As the company's business develops in the foreign market, it will have greater flexibility to improve or redirect its marketing efforts.Trademark â€Å"Boredom† is produced by IDS Boredom Georgia, which is a part of IDS Boredom International – the biggest producer of natural mineral water and leader under the notion of natural bottled waters within CICS and Baltic countries. IDS Boredom Georgia is an unchallenged market leader in Georgians bottled water industry, which has already established its best known brand Ames like Boredom, Alkali, Boredom Springs and Baking. Its biggest selling brand Boredom has established its presence in over 30 countries worldwide.IDS Boredom Georgia brings to the market the natural and wholesome drinking water, which gives a drive and a boost of energy. The Company builds its operations on four main principles: expansion of sales geography, market diversification, conduction of aggressive marketing campaigns and introduction of new brands into the portfolio. As producers we are keeping abreast of the latest developments on the market and re always oriented towards responding effectively to the customer n eeds. Product quality is always our top priority.Our product â€Å"Boredom†, which we are going to launch into the market in Israel, has several competitors. Those are: Genesis, Me Eden, Invention†¦ Israel operates under a parliamentary system as a democratic republic with universal suffrage. President is Simon Peres and prime Minister†Benjamin Entertain, who is the head of government and head of the cabinet. Israel is politically stable, but brutal colonization of Palestinian territory. As we mentioned above that Israel is literally stable, the same could be said about Israel's economy.So Israel is considered one of the most advanced countries in Southwest Asia in economic and industrial development; its nominal GAP for 2011 year estimate is $ 242,897 billion, per – 39,2 and it's human development index is very high 0,888 with which Israel is on the 17th place in the world. The country is ranked 3rd in the region on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business I ndex as well as in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report. It has the second-largest number of startup companies in the world (on the first place is U.S) and the largest number of NASDAQ-Sited companies outside North America But it's crucial that Israel's economy has undergone a radical change over the last several decades from an economy based on agriculture and small businesses, which are producing a wide variety of highly demanded products that are marketed worldwide. Also Israel's banking system is advanced and well- developed, with branch connections all over the world, and it provides the business sector all the services it requires. The economy is also strengthening by the legal system which Israel has developed.However, Israel has suffered from a chronic water shortage for years. The causes of water shortage are both natural and man- made. Israel has suffered from four consecutive years of drought. The increase in demand for water for domestic uses, that co mes from the growth of population and the rising standard of living, together with the need to supply water pursuant to sources. The agricultural sector has suffered most because of this water crisis. Due to the shortage, water allocations to the sector had to be reduced drastically causing a reduction in the agricultural productivity.Company includes 4 brands: â€Å"Boredom†, â€Å"Alkali†, â€Å"Boredom Springs† and â€Å"Baking†. The company maintains the harmonic fusion between a good taste and multiple vitamins. History of the Company â€Å"Boredom† is the producer of mineral spring water that was discovered over one thousand years ago in the Boredom Gorge of central Georgia. Trademark â€Å"Boredom† is produced by IDS Boredom Georgia, which is a part of IDS Boredom International – the bottled waters within CICS and Baltic countries. IDS Boredom Georgia brings to the market the natural and wholesome drinking water, which gives a drive and a boost of energy.The use of Georgian mineral waters has been suggested by the Georgian and foreign researchers for complex treatment of several digestive diseases and diabetes mellitus. Traditionally, Georgians consume sparkling mineral waters as an extremely effective antioxidant during food poisoning and especially as a natural hangover remedy. IDS Boredom Georgia is an unchallenged market leader in Georgians bottled water industry, which has already established its best known brand names like† Boredom†, â€Å"Alkali†,† Boredom Springs† and â€Å"Baking†.The mineral water sector in Georgia had an approximately GEL 126 million output in 2010, 40% of which was exported. IDS Boredom Georgia was one of the key players in it. Its biggest selling brand â€Å"Boredom† has established its presence in over 30 countries worldwide The Company builds its operations on four main principles: expansion of sales geography, market diversifica tion, conduction of aggressive marketing campaigns and introduction of new brands into the portfolio. As producers they are keeping abreast of the latest developments on the market and are always oriented towards responding effectively to the customer needs.Product quality is always their top priority. Competitive advantages High Water quality Room for expansion (capacity of existing bottlers can more than double) pride, part of the Georgian culture, tradition Certified curative properties Well protected from forgery Vast export experience National High recognition in former Soviet countries and rising popularity in US, AJAX, EX. Aim The aim of the â€Å"Boredom† is a combination of nature and technologies, delivering natural and healthy products to the consumers and thus creating value both for the establishment and the society.They are focused on creating an environment that benefits both their staff and customers and best suits their needs. Efforts thus concentrated contri bute to the realization of new ideas and facilitate further development. Products Boredom Alkali Boredom springs Baking Assortment Boredom† mineral water is presented in four packing variants: 1 In glass bottle 0,33 1 (expire date – 2 years from production date); 2) in bottle 1 (expire date – 2 years date; 4) in plastic bottle 1 1 (expire date – 1 year from production date).Awards 1907 SPA Grand pan 1909 Kane Grand Golden Medal 1911 Dressed Diploma of Honor 1940 Italian Golden Medal 1975 Budapest Diploma of Honor, World Exhibition 1998 Novosibirsk Golden Medal 1996, 1997, 1998 SST. Petersburg Golden Medal 2005 ISO 22000 REVIEW OF COMPETITORS IN ISRAEL Our product â€Å"Boredom†, which we are going to launch into the market in Israel, has several competitors. Those are: Genesis, Me Eden, Invention. It is very important to keep up with them and even to do better than they do.These companies Genesis Genesis Waters is an import company devoted to suppor ting Israel by introducing bottled water entirely produced in Israel to the American market. Much of the proceeds from Genesis Waters are donated to organizations that help Israel's victims of terror rebuild their lives. Genesis is created to support Israel. Genesis means â€Å"new beginning†, and in response to the devastating attacks upon the citizens of Israel, company donates a significant portion of our profits to organizations hat help Israel's victims of terror rebuild their lives.Also every ounce of excess water resulting from the bottling of the product is recycled to supply local agricultural settlements with water, helping to keep the Land of Israel â€Å"green†. This is a high-end mineral water that is sourced since Biblical times. The natural mineral water originates from an artesian source providing natural mineral water that is pure, mild, naturally balanced and enriched with the most precious constituents offered by nature. This premium water is low in mineral salts, trace elements and carries more nutrients to the body and helps it more easily expel toxins ND excess minerals.Me Eden Me Eden is the brand name of the company Eden Springs Ltd. Which is an Israeli mineral water marketing company. It is a leading mineral water company in Israel. The brand and company were created in 1980 after development of the Salvia wellspring in Katharine, Goals Heights. After additional tests with the wellspring water, Me Eden received permission to market its water in 1983. Me Eden has recently started to product water coolers, water container holders and disposable cups as well. The company is engaged in the production and marketing of natural mineral eater distribution, water is the pioneer companies in Israel.Eden is proud to take credit for the development and delivery of water consumption culture in Israel and also believe that drinking natural mineral water is the basis of a way of life healthy distribution of natural mineral water Jugs at home or office. The company currently serves more than 130 thousand customers in Israel. But it should be noted that bottling was halted after tests showed bacteria levels exceeded limits set by state regulators. The company said it was carrying out tests in coordination with the Ministry of Health and assured consumers that water already on sale was fit to drink.In February 2009, pollution forced Eden and a rival company, Invention, to halt and recall bottled water from stores. Eden said later the incident had caused the company losses of between 22 million and 125 million. Invention Invention is a leading manufacturer and distributor of natural mineral water in Israel. The company's innovative range of products includes both bottled water products and water cooler dispensers for private and office use in a wide range of sizes and styles. In 2006, Invention+ was launched – a product line based on Invention mineral water tit added vitamins and light flavors.In May 2011, Inve ntion began to produce natural mineral water from a mountain aquifer in the Upper Galilee. The advanced drilling technology utilized in this process is similar to that of the leading European mineral water companies. Using this innovative system, Invention is reaching water while it is still pure in the depths of the earth. Invention pledges to provide its customers with natural mineral water of the very highest quality. The Invention factory in Karat Samoan operates the most advanced technologies in the world while maintaining the highest reduce quality.All manufacturing and filling lines are operated without the need for human intervention. Every day, 150 tests are carried out on the filling lines to ensure that the products are of the highest quality. In addition to the checks carried out by the company, it is audited by authorized external organizations to ensure that the highest quality standards are always met. Having said that it is crucial for our market entry to know everyt hing about them and do our best and at least gain a market place near them. All of the competitors stated above have a strong reputation among customers, because they remain on markets for years.Israel water purifying, recycling technology makes world markets take notice, as local companies introduce new development to what will become a $10 billion a year market by 2015. So it's going to be a huge challenge for us to be competitive, but not impossible. PESTLE ANALYSIS OF ISRAEL Political Political Structure representation and universal suffrage. Chief of State is President Simon Peres; the president is the head of state; the office symbolizes the unity of the state and carries high prestige and moral force, above and beyond party politics. The president (head of state) is elected by the Knees for a 5-year term.Head of Government is Prime Minister Benjamin Entertain. Its governmental system is based on several basic laws enacted by its unicameral parliament, the Knees. The prime min ister exercises executive power and has in the past been selected by the president as the party leader most able to form a government. Between May 1996 and March 2001, Israelis voted for the prime minister directly. (The legislation, which required the direct election of the prime minister, was rescinded by the Knees in March 2001 . ) The embers of the cabinet must be collectively approved by the Knees. The Knees serves as Israel's unicameral legislative body.Its 120 members are elected by secret ballot to 4-year terms, although the prime minister may decide to call for new elections before the end of the 4-year term. Voting is for party lists rather than for individual candidates, and the total number of seats assigned each party reflects that party's percentage of the vote. Successful Knees candidates are drawn from the lists in order of party-assigned rank. Under the present electoral system, all members of the Knees are elected at large. Israel is divided into six districts, adm inistration of which is coordinated by the Ministry of Interior.The Ministry of Defense is responsible for the administration of the occupied territories. Major Parties In Parliament Israel's political system is based on proportional representation which allows for a multi-party system with numerous parties. There are currently five parties with more than ten seats in the 120-seat Knees, and a single party usually has no chance of gaining power by itself (only once has a party held an absolute majority in the Knees), forcing the parties to cooperate and form coalition governments. This article lists the political parties in Israel. ACADIA is a centrist and liberal political party in Israel.It was established on 24 November 2005 by moderates from Liked largely to support the issue of Riel's unilateral disengagement plan, and was soon Joined by like-minded Labor politicians. With Thud Elmer as party chairman following Sharon stroke, it became the largest party in the Knees after the 2 006 elections, winning 28 of the 120 seats, and led a coalition government. LIKED is the major centre-right conservative political party in Israel. It was founded in 1973 in an alliance with several right- ins and liberal parties. In 2009 elections, the party won 27 seats, and now leads the Israeli government under Prime Minister Entertain.A member of the party is often called a Liking WISELY BETTING is a nationalist political party in Israel. The party's base has traditionally been secular, Russian-speaking Israelis. The party describes itself as â€Å"a national movement with the clear vision to follow in the brave path of Cave from the former Soviet Union, it has also expanded its appeal to a more veteran Israeli public. It takes a strong line towards the peace process and the integration f Israeli Arabs, characterized by its 2009 election slogan â€Å"No loyalty, no citizenship†.Its main platform includes recognition of the two-state solution, the creation of a Palestini an state that would include an exchange of some largely Arab- inhabited parts of Israel for largely Jewish-inhabited parts of the West Bank. The party maintains an anti-clerical mantle and encourages socio-economic opportunities for new immigrants, in conjunction with efforts to increase Jewish immigration. In the elections the party won 15 seats, its most to date, making it the third largest party in the Knees. Legal System JUDICIARY: THE COURT SYSTEM The Judiciary is entirely independent.Judges are appointed by the president upon recommendation of a special nine-person committee composed of three Supreme Court Justices, two members of the Israeli Bar and four public figures (I. E. Government ministers, Knees members). Judges receive appointments for life, with retirement at age 70. Although legislative competence is wholly within the Knees, the Supreme Court can and does call attention to the desirability of legislative changes; sitting as the High Court of Justice, it has the aut hority to determine hither a law properly conforms to the Basic Laws of the state.The Court System Israel has a three-tier court system. At the lowest level is Magistrate Court, situated in most cities across the country. Above them are District Court, serving both as appellate courts and courts of first instance; they are situated in five of Israel's six districts. The third and highest tier is the Supreme Court, located in Jerusalem; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the High Court of Justice. In the latter role, the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, allowing individuals, OTOH citizens and non-citizens, to petition against the decisions of state authorities.Although Israel supports the goals of the International Criminal Court, it has not ratified the Rome Statute, citing concerns about the ability of the court to remain free from political impartiality. Israel's legal system combines three legal traditions: English common law, civil law and Jewish law. It is based on the principle of precedents and is an adversarial system, where the parties in the suit bring evidence before the court. Court cases are decided by professional Judges rather than Juries. Marriage and divorce are under the Jurisdiction of the religious courts: Jewish, Muslim, Drupe, and Christian.A committee of Knees members, Supreme Court Justices, and Israeli Bar members carries out the election of Judges. Administration of Israel's courts (both the situated in Jerusalem. Both General and Labor courts are paperless courts: the storage of court files, as well as court decisions, is conducted electronically. Israel's Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty seeks to defend human rights and liberties in Israel. Israel is the only country in the region ranked â€Å"Free† by Freedom House based on the level of civil liberties and political rights; the â€Å"Palestinian Authority-Administered Territories† was ranked â€Å"Not Free.

The evolutionary anatomy

A, Differences between the hip skeleton and muscular structure of two-footed hominid and four-footed apes.TroyWorlds:Reduced tallness, comparative broadness ( it is of import in two-footed position, because the weight of the organic structure does non concentrate onto the spinal cord merely ) . Orientation of blade ( the curvature and the mediolateral orientation of the iliac blades help the Glutei medius and minimi to move as kidnappers and they can besides help in support of the bole. This curving form besides helps in equilibrating the upper organic structure during motive power, because the external and internal oblique musculuss attach to the iliac crest ) . Acetabular border and the well-developed anterior inferior iliac spinal column ( AIIS ) reflects the two-footed motive power. Rectus femoris takes its beginning here, that extends the leg at the articulatio genus. Rectus femur is really of import in some of the spring and clinging prosimians, as the bushbaby and lemurs, because Rectus femur is a leaping musculus in them. However, in apes, there is no big AIIS. AIIS is besides a topographic point for the iliofemoral ligament in worlds that prevents the hip articulation from overstraining. Apes: There is no S-shaped curve visible at the iliac crest and the crest undertakings laterally. Therefore, the iliac pit Easts anteriorly and the gluteal surface undertakings posteriorly. This orientation keeps the bole in an unsloped place during sitting or crouching. In instance if they want to walk bipedally, the Glutei medius and minumi musculuss medially rotate the flexed thigh at the hip – while in worlds they abduct the drawn-out thigh. The long iliac crest is an version to mounting. Latissimus dorsi beginnings from here and inserts into the humerus. Because this is one of the most of import climbing-muscles, the longer the iliac crest is, the better assistance is in mounting. The otic surface and the iliac tubercle are smaller in apes. It is chiefly because of the fact that their weight does non concentrate on their pelvic part and lower limbs ( hind limbs ) .IschiumWorlds:Ischial tubercle is an fond regard for the hamstring musculuss ( Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus and Adductor magnus hamstring portion ) . At a superior force per unit area during the two-footed position, the posterior portion of the sacrum elevates, and pulls upwards the ischial tubercle. The ischial tubercle – which is located merely below the great sciatic notch – reflects the bipedalism. Apes: Long ischial bone. The ischial tubercle is wider in apes than it is in worlds and it does non look so â€Å" pulled-up † in apes. The ischial tubercle lacks the aspects for the hamstring and adductor musculuss.PubisWorlds:Pubic crest and pubic tubercle are of import in two-footed motive power every bit good, because the pubic crest serves as an fond regard for Rectus abdominis that supports the backbones and pubic tubercle is associated with the inguinal ligament, which helps in back uping the bole. The iliopubic distinction is the splitter of the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine ( ASIS ) and the AIIS. Here takes topographic point the iliopsoas musculus that helps in flexing the hip and back uping the upper organic structure on the hip articulation. Apes: Apes lack all these human features at the pubic bone: they do non hold a pubic crest nor tubercle, and because their pelvis East otherwise, their ilipsoas channel and iliopubic distinction are losing. The pubic symphysis in apes are normally fuses together, while it merely seldom happens in worlds.AcetabulumWorlds:The orientation of the cotyloid cavity is inferior-lateral-anterior. The superior border of cotyloid cavity must get by with the biggest weight/pressure, it developed a really thick gristle, so did the caput of the thighbone. This is called laubrum. Very strong, Z-shaped, ligaments are present here. The deepness of the cotyloid cavity can state us a batch about the mobility of the hip articulation. If the cotyloid cavity is shallow, it reflects more flexibleness. The cotyloid cavity in worlds is shallow compared to many of the African apes ( but Pan troglodytess ) , but it is deep compared to the orang-utans. Apes: The ligaments are weaker than in worlds.Sacrum, tail boneWorlds:The human sacrum contains five amalgamate vertebrae averagely. However, it can be varied between four and six. The tail bone stands from four amalgamate vertebrae, normally. The sacrum in worlds is wider than in apes and it is non so long as an ape sacrum. This alone form is really typical sing to bipedalism. The wider sacrum means more distance between the sacroiliac articulation, which helps in reassigning the weight and the force per unit area from pubic symphysis. A wider distance at this articulation besides means a larger birth-canal. Apes: In apes and tamper the figure of the amalgamate vertebrae of the sacrum and tail bone may change from species to species. The form of the sacrum is non so broad and more extended. It reveals that they do non back up so immense weight on their pelvic part as do the worlds.FemurWorlds:The human thighbone is longer than that of an ape. The sidelong condyle in worlds is more outstanding. The bicondylar surface is larger in worlds than in apes. It is because of the Centre of gravitation of the organic structure. Apes: Medial condyle is larger in apes. More flexibleness at the hip articulation. B, Actions of musculuss at the articulatio genus and ankle articulations during two-footed motive power. Observed characteristics in hereditary hominid dodos. Extensor muscles of the leg at the articulatio genus articulation:Tensor facia lataeQuadricepss femoris musculuss ( Rectus femoris, Vasti lateralis, medialis, intermedius )Flexor muscles of the leg at the articulatio genus articulation:SartoriusGracilis ( besides can help in median rotary motion )Hamstringing musculuss ( Biceps femoris { it is besides the sidelong rotator of the articulatio genus articulation } , Semimembranosus, Semitendenosus { they besides medially revolve the articulatio genus articulation when the leg is flexed }GastrocnemiusPopliteus ( weak flexor, but it is a median rotator of the leg )PlantarisMuscles that act at the mortise joint ( talotibial ) articulation:Tibialis front tooth ( dorsiflexion )Extensor hallucis longus ( dorsiflexion )Extensor digitorum longus ( dorsiflexion )Peroneus tertius ( dorsiflexion )Peroneus longus and brevis ( plantar flexure )Gastrocnemius ( plantar flexure )Soleus ( plantar flexure )Plantaris ( plantar flexure )Flexor digitorum lo ngus ( plantar flexor )Tibialis buttocks ( plantar flexor )Dodo records: Australopithecus afarensis: The shinbone and the calf bone are rather interesting. We can detect versions to both arboreal and two-footed marks. This is called Mosaic morphology. The examined specimens: AL 129-1b, AL 288-1aq and AL 333x-26 ) . Ape-like elements: short boundary line to the sidelong condyle, in the first two specimens, there are characteristics that general in the apes ( under the epicedial there was the â€Å" hollowed-out visual aspect † ) which means that the Tibialis buttocks attached to the sidelong side of the tibia alternatively of the posterior side. Other fond regards – such as semimembranosus and gracilis are besides instead ape-like. However, other A. afarensis specimens show two-footed features: Distal articulation surface of the shinbone ( the angle of the mortise joint articulation and the shinbone and calf bone ) . But, yet once more, there are ape-like characteristics besides on the distal portion of calf bone: the way of the articular aspect, ( Easts distally instead than medially as in the modern worlds ) , they have an anteriorly oriented peroneal channel on their calf bone while it faces laterally in modern worlds. The A. afarensis Lucy ( AL 288-1 ) besides owns these Mosaic morphological characteristics: the posteriorly oriented distal tibial angle shows similarities with the apes, while in other afarensis specimens the angle is sidelong, which is a human characteristic. The transporting angle at the articulatio genus articulation besides shows more similarities to the modern human specimens. This can uncover an single arboreal wont of Lucy, and a more developed bipedalism in the other specimens. Homosexual habilis: The H. habilis specimens do non do so many statements than the australopithecines. They have more human like characteristics in their lower legs and less ape-like characteristics. Although, they do non miss these characteristics ( rounded anterior boundary line of the shinbone, in worlds the interpolation country of the Flexor digitorum longus is bigger than that of the tibialis posterior – it is rather the antonym in the habilis. The fond regards of other musculuss – soleus, popliteus – show kind of a passage between apes and worlds, etc. ) . The Neandertal mans: The calf bone and the shinbone are really robust, but bear the human features. Q2, Evolution of the early hominid pes The chief features of the human pes include the presence of the arches, the calcaneocuboid articulation, the proportions of the major parts of the pes, the form of the ankle-joint and the fact that the big toe can non be opposed. The arches in pes are rather alone, the apes do non hold arches ( they have merely one arch, the transverse arch ) . In worlds, apart from the plantar aponeurosis, there are other ligaments that aid in holding these arches: the spring ligament, the short plantar ligament and the long plantar ligament. The length of the distal figures of the toes are much shorter in worlds than in apes, nevertheless, the size of the large toe is about the same. The pes of Australopithecus afarensis, such as in the leg, shows Mosaic morphology. It means that certain characteristics are similar to the modern worlds, while others portion similarities with the apes. The human-like morphology: the scree – which besides has both human and ape features – together with the shinbone and calf bone, shows a more human like articulation at the talotibia. Although, the form of the scree is instead ape-like. Other marks that reveal a more human visual aspect in the afarensis pes are the talar trochlear form, the way of the ankle articulation ‘s axis and of the Flexor hallucis longus ‘s channel which suggest that the motions of the afarensis were really similar to those of the modern worlds. The form of the 5th metatarsals reveal a really similar ability of dorsiflexion as it is present in modern worlds. Their scaphoid castanetss in visual aspect are more ape-like, but the presence of the channel of the spring ligament proves that they might hold similar arches than the modern worlds have. The possibility of the two-footed motive power can be traced down besides by the human-like sidelong cuneiform, although, its hook makes it look more ape like. However, the ape-like curves of the phalanges suggest that they might be arborical. The chalky besides have both human and ape like characteristics, the median cuneiform is instead ape like, so is the first metatarsal ‘s rounded caput. The pes of Paranthropus robostus has several human-like features. These characteristics are the undermentioned: the big toe likely was adducted unlike in the apes where the large toe is instead abducted, the plantar ligaments suggest similarities to the human pes, the first metatarsal suggests that it bore more weight than the apes because of its robust visual aspect, but other characteristics on the first metatarsal bone reveal ape-like characteristics, excessively. Harmonizing to the article of Susman and Brain ( 1988, mentioned in Aiello and Dean ) , it is really likely that the Paranthropus robostus was two-footed but in a different manner than the modern worlds. The pes of the Homo habilis: The biggest statement is caused by the tarsal castanetss of a immature Homo habilis ( OH 8 from Olduvai Gorge ) , because some research workers do non believe that the human features of this specimen ‘s pes castanetss are good plenty to be classified as worlds. The elements of the pes show the marks of the bipedalism – even those agree with this who do non believe that this specimen deserves to be included into the Homo genus – but, possibly, in a wholly different manner as it is seen in the modern worlds. Another scree bone, the KNM-ER 813 from Koobi Fora, has less jobs with its categorizations, as it shows more similarities to the scree of the modern worlds. The first metatarsal is the most robust, and the 5th metatarsal bone of the OH 8 is the 2nd, while in apes the 5th metatarsal bone is the weakest. The size of the pes length of the OH 8 is besides more similar to the construction of the human pes. The dodo record suggests that the opposability of the large toe of OH 8 is non present, but the adduction of it can be observed. The ability of grasping is besides really likely, though. The pes of the Neandertal mans: Interestingly, the groundss reveal that the opposability of the large toe might be someplace between the modern worlds and the life apes. Others deny it, because of the more human features in the tarsometatarsal articulation, which can be varied on a great graduated table even in modern worlds. Typical Neanderthal characteristics are the short proximal phalanx of the large toe and the short cervix of the scree. The possible marks of the bipedalism in the fossil groundss: Apart from the castanetss of the pes other skeletal remains can uncover the erected organic structure position and the possible bipedal walking wonts. A comparative longer arm may be a mark of the arborical life-style, or partially arborical life fortunes. However, Lucy has comparatively short fingers, non ape-like, long 1s ( JOHANSON-EDEY 1990 ) The form of shoulder blade and the orientation of the glenoid pit besides can assist to reply this inquiry. A little fragment of an Australopithecus afarensis shoulder blade suggests that its proprietor had a more ape-like in this inquiry, than human like. In apes the glenoid pit faces towards the braincase and this characteristic can be observed besides in instance of this fragment. A more complete shoulder blade – which derives from an A. africanus ( Sts 7 ) – can state us more inside informations about the possible maps of the thoracic girdle. This scapula looks really similar to the scapula fragment of the afarensis specime n ( AL 288-1l ) , and they both bear more similarities to the thoracic girdle of the apes, particularly to the orang-utans. The ribcage has more ape-like features in its visual aspect. The form of the vertebral column, nevertheless, widens distally ( the lumbar vertebrae are the widest ) as it appears in worlds, which is another possible mark of the two-footed motive power. The pelvic girdle shows more groundss for the mosaic morphology yet once more. The iliac crest is instead human-like, although it is more extended laterally and the cotyloid cavity orients more anteriorly. Possibly this is the ground why A. afarensis has a comparatively really long femoral cervix. The iliac blades direct interiorly, as good. The form of the sacrum is really broad – another human-like mark, nevertheless its posterior section is non as curved anteriorly as it is in the modern worlds. Harmonizing to Johanson ( JOHANSON-EDEY 1990 ) , Lucy ‘s pelvic girdle is adapted to the two-footed motive power every bit good as to the possibility to give life to large-headed babes, as her pelvic girdle is so broad. All these characteristics make likely that the A. afarensis could walk bipedally, but in a more complicated manner. The anteriorly faced cotyloid cavity could ensue a really heavy bipedalism. On the femoral caput, we can detect a stronger fovea than it is on the femoral caput of the modern homo. In quadrupeds the tibial tubercle is more rounded and less crisp. The â€Å" acuteness † of the tibial tubercle is a more human ( or bipedal ) feature. This acuteness can be observed in Lucy, although her tibia looks more robust compared to the really tall juvenile, the Turkana male child ( H. erectus ) . In proximal thighbone of the Australopithecines, there are about the same figure of similarities to worlds ( the varied presence of the intertrochanteric line and the Obturator externus channel ) than to Pan troglodytess ( the little femoral caput and the non-flaring greater trochanter ) and the alone characteristics ( long femoral cervix, compressed femoral neck-cross subdivision ) , the more similarities to worlds in the inquiry of the distal thighbone ( the high/very high bicondylar angle, the egg-shaped shaped sidelong epicedial profile ) , and its ain alone phenomena in the epiphysis form and symmetricalness, but the femoral shaft ‘s more similarity to the Pan troglodytess gives us a really eclectic feeling about the possible motive power of the Australopithecines. As I wrote in the 1B inquiry, the pes of the Australopithecines show really varied image every bit good. It reveals both human and ape like characteristics – such as about everything else in the Australopithecus skeleton. The more human like elements of the pes include the human-like mortise joint articulation, the ability of a better dorsiflexion, the expanded base of the 5th metatarsal, the broad heelbone and the presence of the longitudinal arch. On the other manus, there are several ape-like features, like the form of the phalanges, the tubercle of the calcaneous has an egg-shaped orientation, besides has a immense peroneal tubercle, the already mentioned ape-like form of the â€Å" hook † of the sidelong cuneiform bone, and the rounded caput of the first metatarsal. Summarizing, the mosaic morphology in the Australopithecines are really strongly present, they portion similarities to the worlds, every bit good as to the apes, but they besides developed ain characteristics. It is really likely that they were adapted to the two-footed motive power, but non in a modern human manner. The essay has been written by utilizing the undermentioned books as a guide-line: Aiello and Dean, 2006: An Introduction To Human Evolutionary Anatomy, reprinted in 2006, Elsevier Academic Press, London The stuffs during the Demo-sessions And JOHANSON-EDEY, 1990: Lucy – The Beginnings of Humankind, Penguin Books, London, 1990.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 15 Undercover

DAVAN-†¦ In the unsettled times marking the final centuries of the First Galactic Empire, the typical sources of unrest arose from the fact that political and military leaders jockeyed for â€Å"supreme† power (a supremacy that grew more worthless with each decade). Only rarely was there anything that could be called a popular movement prior to the advent of psychohistory. In this connection, one intriguing example involves Davan, of whom little is actually known, but who may have met with Hari Seldon at one time when†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 72. Both Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili had taken rather lingering baths, making use of the somewhat primitive facilities available to them in the Tisalver household. They had changed their clothing and were in Seldon's room when Jirad Tisalver returned in the evening. His signal at the door was (or seemed) rather timid. The buzz did not last long. Seldon opened the door and said pleasantly, â€Å"Good evening, Master Tisalver. And Mistress.† She was standing right behind her husband, forehead puckered into a puzzled frown. Tisalver said tentatively, as though he was unsure of the situation, â€Å"Are you and Mistress Venabili both well?† He nodded his head as though trying to elicit an affirmative by body language. â€Å"Quite well. In and out of Billibotton without trouble and we're all washed and changed. There's no smell left.† Seldon lifted his chin as he said it, smiling, tossing the sentence over Tisalver's shoulder to his wife. She sniffed loudly, as though testing the matter. Still tentatively, Tisalver said, â€Å"I understand there was a knife fight.† Seldon raised his eyebrows. â€Å"Is that the story?† â€Å"You and the Mistress against a hundred thugs, we were cold, and you killed them all. Is that so?† There was the reluctant sound of deep respect in his voice. â€Å"Absolutely not,† Dors put in with sudden annoyance. â€Å"That's ridiculous. What do you think we are? Mass murderers? And do you think a hundred thugs would remain in place, waiting the considerable time it would take me-us-to kill them all? I mean, think about it.† â€Å"That's what they're saying,† said Casilia Tisalver with shrill firmness. â€Å"We can't have that sort of thing in this house.† â€Å"In the first place,† said Seldon, â€Å"it wasn't in this house. In the second, it wasn't a hundred men, it was ten. In the third, no one was killed. There was some altercation back and forth, after which they left and made way for us.† â€Å"They just made way. Do you expect me to believe that, Outworlders?† demanded Mistress Tisalver belligerently. Seldon sighed. At the slightest stress, human beings seemed to divide themselves into antagonistic groups. He said, â€Å"Well, I grant you one of them was cut a little. Not seriously.† â€Å"And you weren't hurt at all?† said Tisalver. The admiration in his voice was more marked. â€Å"Not a scratch,† said Seldon. â€Å"Mistress Venabili handles two knives excellently well.† â€Å"I dare say,† said Mistress Tisalver, her eyes dropping to Dors's belt, â€Å"and that's not what I want to have going on here.† Dors said sternly, â€Å"As long as no one attacks us here, that's what you won't have here.† â€Å"But on account of you,† said Mistress Tisalver, â€Å"we have trash from the street standing at the doorway.† â€Å"My love,† said Tisalver soothingly, â€Å"let us not anger-â€Å" â€Å"Why?† spat his wife with contempt. â€Å"Are you afraid of her knives? I would like to see her use them here.† â€Å"I have no intention of using them here,† said Dors with a sniff as loud as any that Mistress Tisalver had produced. â€Å"What is this trash from the street you're talking about?† Tisalver said, â€Å"What my wife means is that an urchin from Billibotton-at least, judging by his appearance-wishes to see you and we are not accustomed to that sort of thing in this neighborhood. It undermines our standing.† He sounded apologetic. Seldon said, â€Å"Well, Master Tisalver, we'll go outside, find out what it's all about, and send him on his business as quickly-â€Å" â€Å"No. Wait,† said Dors, annoyed. â€Å"These are our rooms. We pay for them. We decide who visits us and who does not. If there is a young man outside from Billibotton, he is nonetheless a Dahlite. More important, he's a Trantorian. Still more important, he's a citizen of the Empire and a human being. Most important, by asking to see us, he becomes our guest. Therefore, we invite him in to see us.† Mistress Tisalver didn't move. Tisalver himself seemed uncertain. Dors said, â€Å"Since you say I killed a hundred bullies in Billibotton, you surely do not think I am afraid of a boy or, for that matter, of you two.† Her right hand dropped casually to her belt. Tisalver said with sudden energy, â€Å"Mistress Venabili, we do not intend to offend you. Of course these rooms are yours and you can entertain whomever you wish here.† He stepped back, pulling his indignant wife with him, undergoing a burst of resolution for which he might conceivably have to pay afterward. Dors looked after them sternly. Seldon smiled dryly. â€Å"How unlike you, Dors. I thought I was the one who quixotically got into trouble and that you were the calm and practical one whose only aim was to prevent trouble.† Dors shook her head. â€Å"I can't bear to hear a human being spoken of with contempt just because of his group identification-even by other human beings. It's these respectable people here who create those hooligans out there.† â€Å"And other respectable people,† said Seldon, â€Å"who create these respectable people. These mutual animosities are as much a part of humanity-â€Å" â€Å"Then you'll have to deal with it in your psychohistory, won't you?† â€Å"Most certainly-if there is ever a psychohistory with which to deal with anything at all.-Ah, here comes the urchin under discussion. And it's Raych, which somehow doesn't surprise me.† 73. Raych entered, looking about, clearly intimidated. The forefinger of his right hand reached for his upper lip as though wondering when he would begin to feel the first downy hairs there. He turned to the clearly outraged Mistress Tisalver and bowed clumsily. â€Å"Thank ya, Missus. Ya got a lovely place.† Then, as the door slammed behind him, he turned to Seldon and Dors with an air of easy connoisseurship. â€Å"Nice place, guys.† â€Å"I'm glad you like it,† said Seldon solemnly. â€Å"How did you know we were here?† â€Å"Followed ya. How'd ya think? Hey, lady†-he turned to Dors-â€Å"you don't fight like no dame.† â€Å"Have you watched many dames fight?† asked Dors, amused. Raych rubbed his nose, â€Å"No, never seen none whatever. They don't carry knives, except little ones to scare kids with. Never scared me.† â€Å"I'm sure they didn't. What do you do to make dames draw their knives?† â€Å"Nothin'. You just kid around a little. You holler, ‘Hey, lady, lemme-‘ † He thought about it for a moment and said, â€Å"Nothin'.† Dors said, â€Å"Well, don't try that on me.† â€Å"Ya kiddin'? After what ya did to Marron? Hey, lady, where'd you learn to fight that way?† â€Å"On my own world.† â€Å"Could ya teach me?† â€Å"Is that what you came here to see me about?† â€Å"Akchaly, no. I came to bring ya a kind of message.† â€Å"From someone who wants to fight me?† â€Å"No one wants to fight ya, lady. Listen, lady, ya got a reputation now. Everybody knows ya. You just walk down anywhere in old Billibotton and all the guys will step aside and let ya pass and grin and make sure they don't look cross-eyed at ya. Oh, lady, ya got it made. That's why he wants to see ya.† Seldon said, â€Å"Raych, just exactly who wants to see us?† â€Å"Guy called Davan.† â€Å"And who is he?† â€Å"Just a guy. He lives in Billibotton and don't carry no knife.† â€Å"And he stays alive, Raych?† â€Å"He reads a lot and he helps the guys there when they get in trouble with the gov'ment. They kinda leave him alone. He don't need no knife.† â€Å"Why didn't he come himself, then?† said Dors. â€Å"Why did he send you?† â€Å"He don't like this place. He says it makes him sick. He says all the people here, they lick the gov'ment's-† He paused, looked dubiously at the two Outworlders, and said, â€Å"Anyway, he won't come here. He said they'd let me in cause I was only a kid.† He grinned. â€Å"They almost didn't, did they? I mean that lady there who looked like she was smellin' somethin'?† He stopped suddenly, abashed, and looked down at himself. â€Å"Ya don't get much chance to wash where I come from.† â€Å"It's all right,† said Dors, smiling. â€Å"Where are we supposed to meet, then, if he won't come here? After all-if you don't mind-we don't feel like going to Billibotton.† â€Å"I told ya,† said Raych indignantly. â€Å"Ya get free run of Billibotton, I swear. Besides, where he lives no one will bother ya.† â€Å"Where is it?† asked Seldon. â€Å"I can take ya there. It ain't far.† â€Å"And why does he want to see us?† asked Dors. â€Å"Dunno. But he says like this-† Raych half-closed his eyes in an effort to remember. † ‘Tell them I wanna see the man who talked to a Dahlite heatsinker like he was a human being and the woman who beat Marron with knives and didn't kill him when she mighta done so.' I think I got it right.† Seldon smiled. â€Å"I think you did. Is he ready for us now?† â€Å"He's waiting.† â€Å"Then we'll come with you.† He looked at Dors with a trace of doubt in his eyes. She said, â€Å"All right. I'm willing. Perhaps it won't be a trap of some sort. Hope springs eternal-â€Å" 74. There was a pleasant glow to the evening light when they emerged, a faint violet touch and a pinkish edge to the simulated sunset clouds that were scudding along. Dahl might have complaints of their treatment by the Imperial rulers of Trantor, but surely there was nothing wrong with the weather the computers spun out for them. Dors said in a low voice, â€Å"We seem to be celebrities. No mistake about that.† Seldon brought his eyes down from the supposed sky and was immediately aware of a fair-sized crowd around the apartment house in which the Tisalvers lived. Everyone in the crowd stared at them intently. When it was clear that the two Outworlders had become aware of the attention, a low murmur ran through the crowd, which seemed to be on the point of breaking out into applause. Dors said, â€Å"Now I can see where Mistress Tisalver would find this annoying. I should have been a little more sympathetic.† The crowd was, for the most part, poorly dressed and it was not hard to guess that many of the people were from Billibotton. On impulse, Seldon smiled and raised one hand in a mild greeting that was met with applause. One voice, lost in the safe anonymity of the crowd called out, â€Å"Can the lady show us some knife tricks?† When Dors called back, â€Å"No, I only draw in anger,† there was instant laughter. One man stepped forward. He was clearly not from Billibotton and bore no obvious mark of being a Dahlite. He had only a small mustache, for one thing, and it was brown, not black. He said, â€Å"Marlo Tanto of the ‘Trantorian HV News.' Can we have you in focus for a bit for our nightly holocast?† â€Å"No,† said Dors shortly. â€Å"No interviews.† The newsman did not budge. â€Å"I understand you were in a fight with a great many men in Billibotton-and won.† He smiled. â€Å"That's news, that is.† â€Å"No,† said Dors. â€Å"We met some men in Billibotton, talked to them, and then moved on. That's all there is to it and that's all you're going to get.† â€Å"What's your name? You don't sound like a Trantorian.† â€Å"I have no name.† â€Å"And your friend's name?† â€Å"He has no name.† The newsman looked annoyed, â€Å"Look, lady. You're news and I'm just trying to do my job.† Raych pulled at Dors's sleeve. She leaned down and listened to his earnest whisper. She nodded and straightened up again. â€Å"I don't think you're a newsman, Mr. Tanto. What I think you are is an Imperial agent trying to make trouble for Dahl. There was no fight and you're trying to manufacture news concerning one as a way of justifying an Imperial expedition into Billibotton. I wouldn't stay here if I were you. I don't think you're very popular with these people.† The crowd had begun to mutter at Dors's first words. They grew louder now and began to drift, slowly and in a menacing way, in the direction of Tanto. He looked nervously around and began to move away. Dors raised her voice. â€Å"Let him go. Don't anyone touch him. Don't give him any excuse to report violence.† And they parted before him. Raych said, â€Å"Aw, lady, you shoulda let them rough him up.† â€Å"Bloodthirsty boy,† said Dors, â€Å"take us to this friend of yours.† 75. They met the man who called himself Davan in a room behind a dilapidated diner. Far behind. Raych led the way, once more showing himself as much at home in the burrows of Billibotton as a mole would be in tunnels underground in Helicon. It was Dors Venabili whose caution first manifested itself. She stopped and said, â€Å"Come back, Raych. Exactly where are we going?† â€Å"To Davan,† said Raych, looking exasperated. â€Å"I told ya.† â€Å"But this is a deserted area. There's no one living here.† Dors looked about with obvious distaste. The surroundings were lifeless and what light panels there were did not glower [but] did so only dimly. â€Å"It's the way Davan likes it,† said Raych. â€Å"He's always changing around, staying here, staying there. Ya know†¦ changing around.† â€Å"Why?† demanded Dors. â€Å"It's safer, lady.† â€Å"From whom?† â€Å"From the gov'ment.† â€Å"Why would the government want Davan?† â€Å"I dunno, lady. Tell ya what. I'll tell ya where he is and tell ya how to go and ya go on alone-if ya don't want me to take ya.† Seldon said, â€Å"No, Raych, I'm pretty sure we'll get lost without you. In fact, you had better wait till we're through so you can lead us back.† Raych said at once, â€Å"What's in it f'me? Ya expect me to hang around when I get hungry?† â€Å"You hang around and get hungry, Raych, and I'll buy you a big dinner. Anything you like.† â€Å"Ya say that now. Mister. How do I know?† Dors's hand flashed and it was holding a knife, blade exposed, â€Å"You're not calling us liars, are you, Raych?† Raych's eyes opened wide. He did not seem frightened by the threat. He said, â€Å"Hey, I didn't see that. Do it again.† â€Å"I'll do it afterward-if you're still here. Otherwise†-Dors glared at him-â€Å"we'll track you down.† â€Å"Aw, lady, come on,† said Raych. â€Å"Ya ain't gonna track me down. Ya ain't that kind. But I'll be here.† He struck a pose. â€Å"Ya got my word.† And he led them onward in silence, though the sound of their shoes was hollow in the empty corridors. Davan looked up when they entered, a wild look that softened when he saw Raych. He gestured quickly toward the two others-questioningly. Raych said, â€Å"These are the guys.† And, grinning, he left. Seldon said, â€Å"I am Hari Seldon. The young lady is Dors Venabili.† He regarded Davan curiously. Davan was swarthy and had the thick black mustache of the Dahlite male, but in addition he had a stubble of beard. He was the first Dahlite whom Seldon had seen who had not been meticulously shaven. Even the bullies of Billibotton had been smooth of cheek and chin. Seldon said, â€Å"What is your name, sir?† â€Å"Davan. Raych must have told you.† â€Å"Your second name.† â€Å"I am only Davan. Were you followed here, Master Seldon?† â€Å"No, I'm sure we weren't. If we had, then by sound or sight, I expect Raych would have known. And if he had not, Mistress Venabili would have.† Dors smiled slightly. â€Å"You have faith in me, Hari.† â€Å"More all the time,† he said thoughtfully. Davan stirred uneasily. â€Å"Yet you've already been found.† â€Å"Found?† â€Å"Yes, I have heard of this supposed newsman.† â€Å"Already?† Seldon looked faintly surprised. â€Å"But I suspect he really was a newsman†¦ and harmless. We tatted him an Imperial agent at Raych's suggestion, which was a good idea. The surrounding crowd grew threatening and we got rid of him.† â€Å"No,† said Davan, â€Å"he was what you called him. My people know the man and he does work for the Empire.-But then you do not do as I do. You do not use a false name and change your place of abode. You go under your own names, making no effort to remain undercover. You are Hari Seldon, the mathematician.† â€Å"Yes, I am,† said Seldon. â€Å"Why should I invent a false name?† â€Å"The Empire wants you, does it not?† Seldon shrugged. â€Å"I stay in places where the Empire cannot reach out to take me.† â€Å"Not openly, but the Empire doesn't have to work openly. I would urge you to disappear†¦ really disappear.† â€Å"Like you†¦ as you say,† said Seldon looking about with an edge of distaste. The room was as dead as the corridors he had walked through. It was musty through and through and it was overwhelmingly depressing. â€Å"Yes,† said Davan. â€Å"You could be useful to us.† â€Å"In what way?† â€Å"You talked to a young man named Yugo Amaryl.† â€Å"Yes, I did.† â€Å"Amaryl tells me that you can predict the future.† Seldon sighed heavily. He was tired of standing in this empty room. Davan was sitting on a cushion and there were other cushions available, but they did not look clean. Nor did he wish to lean against the mildew-streaked wall. He said, â€Å"Either you misunderstood Amaryl or Amaryl misunderstood me. What I have done is to prove that it is possible to choose starting conditions from which historical forecasting does not descend into chaotic conditions, but can become predictable within limits. However, what those starting conditions might be I do not know, nor am I sure that those conditions can be found by any one person-or by any number of people-in a finite length of time. Do you understand me?† â€Å"No.† Seldon sighed again. â€Å"Then let me try once more. It is possible to predict the future, but it may be impossible to find out how to take advantage of that possibility. Do you understand?† Davan looked at Seldon darkly, then at Dors. â€Å"Then you can't predict the future.† â€Å"Now you have the point, Master Davan.† â€Å"Just call me Davan. But you may be able to learn to predict the future someday.† â€Å"That is conceivable.† â€Å"Then that's why the Empire wants you.† â€Å"No,† Seldon raised his finger didactically. â€Å"It's my idea that that is why the Empire is not making an overwhelming effort to get me. They might like to have me if I can be picked up without trouble, but they know that right now I know nothing and that it is therefore not worth upsetting the delicate peace of Trantor by interfering with the local rights of this sector or that. That's the reason I can move about under my own name with reasonable security.† For a moment, Davan buried his head in his hands and muttered, â€Å"This is madness.† Then he looked up wearily and said to Dors, â€Å"Are you Master Seldon's wife?† Dors said calmly, â€Å"I am his friend and protector.† â€Å"How well do you know him?† â€Å"We have been together for some months.† â€Å"No more?† â€Å"No more.† â€Å"Would it be your opinion he is speaking the truth?† â€Å"I know he is, but what reason would you have to trust me if you do not trust him? If Hari is, for some reason, lying to you, might I not be lying to you equally in order to support him?† Davan looked from one to the other helplessly. Then he said, â€Å"Would you, in any case, help us?† â€Å"Who are ‘us' and in what way do you need help?† Davan said, â€Å"You see the situation here in Dahl. We are oppressed. You must know that and, from your treatment of Yugo Amaryl, I cannot believe you lack sympathy for us.† â€Å"We are fully sympathetic.† â€Å"And you must know the source of the oppression.† â€Å"You are going to tell me that it's the Imperial government, I suppose, and I dare say it plays its part. On the other hand, I notice that there is a middle class in Dahl that despises the heatsinkers and a criminal class that terrorizes the rest of the sector.† Davan's lips tightened, but he remained unmoved. â€Å"Quite true. Quite true. But the Empire encourages it as a matter of principle. Dahl has the potential for making serious trouble. If the heatsinkers should go on strike, Trantor would experience a severe energy shortage almost at once†¦ with all that that implies. However, Dahl's own upper classes will spend money to hire the hoodlums of Billibotton-and of other places-to fight the heatsinkers and break the strike. It has happened before. The Empire allows some Dahlites to prosper-comparatively-in order to convert them into Imperialist lackeys, while it refuses to enforce the arms-control laws effectively enough to weaken the criminal element. â€Å"The Imperial government does this everywhere-and not in Dahl alone. They can't exert force to impose their will, as in the old days when they ruled with brutal directness. Nowadays, Trantor has grown so complex and so easily disturbed that the Imperial forces must keep their hands off-â€Å" â€Å"A form of degeneration,† said Seldon, remembering Hummin's complaints. â€Å"What?† said Davan. â€Å"Nothing,† said Seldon. â€Å"Go on.† â€Å"The Imperial forces must keep their hands off, but they find that they can do much even so. Each sector is encouraged to be suspicious of its neighbors. Within each sector, economic and social classes are encouraged to wage a kind of war with each other. The result is that all over Trantor it is impossible for the people to take united action. Everywhere, the people would rather fight each other than make a common stand against the central tyranny and the Empire rules without having to exert force.† â€Å"And what,† said Dors, â€Å"do you think can be done about it?† â€Å"I've been trying for years to build a feeling of solidarity among the peoples of Trantor.† â€Å"I can only suppose,† said Seldon dryly, â€Å"that you are finding this an impossibly difficult and largely thankless task.† â€Å"You suppose correctly,† said Davan, â€Å"but the party is growing stronger. Many of our knifers are coming to the realization that knives are best when they are not used on each other. Those who attacked you in the corridors of Billibotton are examples of the unconverted. However, those who support you now, who are ready to defend you against the agent you thought was a newsman, are my people. I live here among them. It is not an attractive way of life, but I am safe here. We have adherents in neighboring sectors and we spread daily.† â€Å"But where do we come in?† asked Dors. â€Å"For one thing,† said Davan, â€Å"both of you are Outworlders, scholars. We need people like you among our leaders. Our greatest strength is drawn from the poor and the uneducated because they suffer the most, but they can lead the least. A person like one of you two is worth a hundred of them.† â€Å"That's an odd estimate from someone who wishes to rescue the oppressed,† said Seldon. â€Å"I don't mean as people,† said Davan hastily. â€Å"I mean as far as leadership is concerned. The party must have among its leaders men and women of intellectual power.† â€Å"People like us, you mean, are needed to give your party a veneer of respectability.† Davan said, â€Å"You can always put something noble in a sneering fashion if you try. But you, Master Seldon, are more than respectable, more than intellectual. Even if you won't admit to being able to penetrate the mists of the future-â€Å" â€Å"Please, Davan,† said Seldon, â€Å"don't be poetic and don't use the conditional. It's not a matter of admitting. I can't foresee the future. Those are not mists that block the view but chrome steel barriers.† â€Å"Let me finish. Even if you can't actually predict with-what do you call it?-psychohistorical accuracy, you've studied history and you may have a certain intuitive feeling for consequences. Now, isn't that so?† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"I may have a certain intuitive understanding for mathematical likelihood, but how far I can translate that into anything of historical significance is quite uncertain. Actually, I have not studied history. I wish I had. I feel the loss keenly.† Dors said evenly, â€Å"I am the historian, Davan, and I can say a few things if you wish.† â€Å"Please do,† said Davan, making it half a courtesy, half a challenge. â€Å"For one thing, there have been many revolutions in Galactic history that have overthrown tyrannies, sometimes on individual planets, sometimes in groups of them, occasionally in the Empire itself or in the pre-Imperial regional governments. Often, this has only meant a change in tyranny. In other words, one ruling class is replaced by another-sometimes by one that is more efficient and therefore still more capable of maintaining itself-while the poor and downtrodden remain poor and downtrodden or become even worse off.† Davan, listening intently, said, â€Å"I'm aware of that. We all are. Perhaps we can learn from the past and know better what to avoid. Besides, the tyranny that now exists is actual. That which may exist in the future is merely potential. If we are always to draw back from change with the thought that the change may be for the worse, then there is no hope at all of ever escaping injustice.† Dors said, â€Å"A second point you must remember is that even if you have right on your side, even if justice thunders condemnation, it is usually the tyranny in existence that has the balance of force on its side. There is nothing your knife handlers can do in the way of rioting and demonstrating that will have any permanent effect as long as, in the extremity, there is an army equipped with kinetic, chemical, and neurological weapons that is willing to use them against your people. You can get all the downtrodden and even all the respectables on your side, but you must somehow win over the security forces and the Imperial army or at least seriously weaken their loyalty to the rulers.† Davan said, â€Å"Trantor is a multigovernmental world. Each sector has its own rulers and some of them are themselves anti-Imperial. If we can have a strong sector on our side, that would change the situation, would it not? We would then not be merely ragamuffins fighting with knives and stones.† â€Å"Does that mean you do have a strong sector on your side or merely that it is your ambition to have one?† Davan was silent. Dors said, â€Å"I shall assume that you are thinking of the Mayor of Wye. If the Mayor is in the mood to make use of popular discontent as a way of improving the chance of toppling the Emperor, doesn't it strike you that the end the Mayor would have in view would be that of succeeding to the Imperial throne? Why should the Mayor risk his present not-inconsiderable position for anything less? Merely for the blessings of justice and the decent treatment of people, concerning whom he can have little interest?† â€Å"You mean,† said Davan, â€Å"that any powerful leader who is willing to help us may then betray us.† â€Å"It is a situation that is all too common in Galactic history.† â€Å"If we are ready for that, might we not betray him?† â€Å"You mean, make use of him and then, at some crucial moment, subvert the leader of his forces-or a leader, at any rate-and have him assassinated?† â€Å"Not perhaps exactly like that, but some way of getting rid of him might exist if that should prove necessary.† â€Å"Then we have a revolutionary movement in which the principal players must be ready to betray each other, with each simply waiting for the opportunity. It sounds like a recipe for chaos.† â€Å"You will not help us, then?† said Davan. Seldon, who had been listening to the exchange between Davan and Dors with a puzzled frown on his face, said, â€Å"We can't put it that simply. We would like to help you. We are on your side. It seems to me that no sane man wants to uphold an Imperial system that maintains itself by fostering mutual hatred and suspicions. Even when it seems to work, it can only be described as meta-stable; that is, as too apt to fall into instability in one direction or another. But the question is: How can we help? If I had psychohistory, if I could tell what is most likely to happen, or if I could tell what action of a number of alternative possibilities is most likely to bring on an apparently happy consequence, then I would put my abilities at your disposal.-But I don't have it. I can help you best by trying to develop psychohistory.† â€Å"And how long will that take?† Seldon shrugged. â€Å"I cannot say.† â€Å"How can you ask us to wait indefinitely?† â€Å"What alternative do I have, since I am useless to you as I am? But I will say this: I have until very recently been quite convinced that the development of psychohistory was absolutely impossible. Now I am not so certain of that.† â€Å"You mean you have a solution in mind?† â€Å"No, merely an intuitive feeling that a solution might be possible. I have not been able to pin down what has occurred to make me have that feeling. It may be an illusion, but I am trying. Let me continue to try.-Perhaps [then we'll] meet again.† â€Å"Or perhaps,† said Davan, â€Å"if you return to where you are now staying, you will eventually find yourself in an Imperial trap. You may think that the Empire will leave you alone while you struggle with psychohistory, but I am certain the Emperor and his toady Demerzel are in no mood to wait forever, any more than I am.† â€Å"It will do them no good to hasten,† said Seldon calmly, â€Å"since I am not on their side, as I am on yours.-Come, Dors.† They turned and left Davan, sitting alone in his squalid room, and found Raych waiting for them outside. 76. Raych was eating, licking his fingers, and crumpling the bag in which the food-whatever it was-had been. A strong smell of onions pervaded the air-different somehow, yeast-based perhaps. Dors, retreating a little from the odor, said, â€Å"Where did you get the food from, Raych?† â€Å"Davan's guys. They brought it to me. Davan's okay.† â€Å"Then we don't have to buy you dinner, do we?† said Seldon, conscious of his own empty stomach. â€Å"Ya owe me somethin',† said Raych, looking greedily in Dors's direction. â€Å"How about the lady's knife? One of 'em.† â€Å"No knife,† said Dors. â€Å"You get us back safely and I'll give you five credits.† â€Å"Can't get no knife for five credits,† grumbled Raych. â€Å"You're not getting anything but five credits,† said Dors. â€Å"You're a lousy dame, lady,† said Raych. â€Å"I'm a lousy dame with a quick knife, Raych, so get moving.† â€Å"All right. Don't get all perspired.† Raych waved his hand. â€Å"This way.† It was back through the empty corridors, but this time Dors, looking this way and that, stopped. â€Å"Hold on, Raych. We're being followed.† Raych looked exasperated. â€Å"Ya ain't supposed to hear 'em.† Seldon said, bending his head to one side, â€Å"I don't hear anything.† â€Å"I do,† said Dors. â€Å"Now, Raych, I don't want any fooling around. You tell me right now what's going on or I'll rap your head so that you won't see straight for a week. I mean it.† Raych held up one arm defensively. â€Å"You try it, you lousy dame. You try it. It's Davan's guys. They're just taking care of us, in case any knifers come along.† â€Å"Davan's guys?† â€Å"Yeah. They're goin' along the service corridors.† Dors's right hand shot out and seized Raych by the scruff of his upper garment. She lifted and he dangled, shouting, â€Å"Hey, lady. Hey!† Seldon said, â€Å"Dors! Don't be hard on him.† â€Å"I'll be harder still if I think he's lying. You're my charge, Hari, not he.† â€Å"I'm not lyin',† said Raych, struggling. â€Å"I'm not.† â€Å"I'm sure he isn't,† said Seldon. â€Å"Well, we'll see. Raych, tell them to come out where we can see them.† She let him drop and dusted her hands. â€Å"You're some kind of nut, lady,† said Raych aggrievedly. Then he raised his voice. â€Å"Yay, Davan! Come out here, some of ya guys!† There was a wait and then, from an unlit opening along the corridor, two dark-mustached men came out, one with a scar running the length of his cheek. Each held the sheath of a knife in his hand, blade withdrawn. â€Å"How many more of you are there?† asked Dors harshly. â€Å"A few,† said one of the newcomers. â€Å"Orders. We're guarding you. Davan wants you safe.† â€Å"Thank you. Try to be even quieter. Raych, keep on moving.† Raych said sulkily, â€Å"Ya roughed me up when I was telling the truth.† â€Å"You're right,† said Dors. â€Å"At least, I think you're right†¦ and I apologize.† â€Å"I'm not sure I should accept,† said Raych, trying to stand tall. â€Å"But awright, just this once.† He moved on. When they reached the walkway, the unseen corps of guards vanished. At least, even Dors's keen ears could hear them no more. By now, though, they were moving into the respectable part of the sector. Dors said thoughtfully, â€Å"I don't think we have clothes that would fit you, Raych.† Raych said, â€Å"Why do ya want clothes to fit me, Missus?† (Respectability seemed to invade Raych once they were out of the corridors.) â€Å"I got clothes.† â€Å"I thought you'd like to come into our place and take a bath.† Raych said, â€Å"What for? I'll wash one o' these days. And I'll put on my other shirt.† He looked up at Dors shrewdly. â€Å"You're sorry ya roughed me up. Right? Ya tryin' to make up?† Dors smiled. â€Å"Yes. Sort of.† Raych waved a hand in lordly fashion. â€Å"That's all right. Ya didn't hurt. Listen. You're strong for a lady. Ya lifted me up like I was nothin'.† â€Å"I was annoyed, Raych. I have to be concerned about Master Seldon.† â€Å"Ya sort of his bodyguard?† Raych looked at Seldon inquiringly. â€Å"Ya got a lady for a bodyguard?† â€Å"I can't help it,† said Seldon smiling wryly. â€Å"She insists. And she certainly knows her job.† Dors said, â€Å"Think again, Raych. Are you sure you won't have a bath? A nice warm bath.† Raych said, â€Å"I got no chance. Ya think that lady is gonna let me in the house again?† Dors looked up and saw Casilia Tisalver outside the front door of the apartment complex, staring first at the Outworld woman and then at the slum-bred boy. It would have been impossible to tell in which case her expression was angrier. Raych said, â€Å"Well, so long, Mister and Missus. I don't know if she'll let either of ya in the house.† He placed his hands in his pocket and swaggered off in a fine affectation of carefree indifference. Seldon said, â€Å"Good evening, Mistress Tisalver. It's rather late, isn't it?† â€Å"It's very late,† she replied. â€Å"There was a near riot today outside this very complex because of that newsman you pushed the street vermin at.† â€Å"We didn't push anyone on anyone,† said Dors. â€Å"I was there,† said Mistress Tisalver intransigently. â€Å"I saw it.† She stepped aside to let them enter, but delayed long enough to make her reluctance quite plain. â€Å"She acts as though that was the last straw,† said Dors as she and Seldon made their way up to their rooms. â€Å"So? What can she do about it?† asked Seldon. â€Å"I wonder,† said Dors.

Discussion pages addition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion pages addition - Research Paper Example Using scientific methods of study, the phenomenon involves investigation of the physical relationship that exist between animals and their immediate physical environment, as well as ecological relationships and interactions to other organisms. Of these studies the animal behavior includes aspects such as how animals feed for themselves, avoiding of predation and survival, deciding on who to mate with and the cycle of reproduction, and subsequent mothering ability and care for the progeny. Departing from the popular view of studying the animal behavior, the scientific method is a more systematic method of animal study using scientific methods and has evolved over the ages to be referred to as ‘Ethology’ a term that has evolved to find acceptance around the nineteenth century by French zoologist Isidore Geofrey. When describing animal behavior using scientific view, (Butler) provides four critical elements that scientific study of animal behavior must address, these include: causation, the development of the behavior, function, and the concept of evolution of that behavior. (798) The foraging behavior of animals especially the chameleon has received numerous popular and scientific arguments to suggest how the chameleon feeds. Of these, scientific theory becomes most preferred classifying the chameleons as active feeders and ambush forager or an intermediate class commonly referred to as the ‘cruise forager.’ (Peter, Anthony and Jay 3255) These animals have been studied both scientifically and by popular views. To this extent different studies use different terminologies to explain the behavior of chameleons. The scientific studies have their own ways of classifying and identifying the different species of chameleons; while the popular views have their own ways of analyzing the behavior and spices of chameleons. This is to say that, animal behavior can be studied differently. This is scientifically and by popular view of

The Increasing Role of Islam in Terrorism Essay

The Increasing Role of Islam in Terrorism - Essay Example The psychological state of suicide bombers before they perform the final stage of their mission and what are the benefits promised by Islam that encouraged the Muslim youth to do such horrible and destructive sacrifices. This paper also analyzes the true intentions of terrorist and why Islam is spreading like wildfire in the four corners of the globe. Finally, the paper will make an assessment of the global situation and the threats imposed by Islamic fundamentalism that are waiting to devour the innocent peace loving men, women and children of the western world. The religion of Islam is the fastest growing religion throughout the world, with over 1.5 billion Muslims throughout the world at present. The meaning of Islam is peace and forsaking ones pleasure for the pleasure of God. Many practitioners of Islam are peaceful and tolerant of other religions and beliefs. While there have been conflicts between Muslims and followers of other faiths throughout the centuries since the Islamic religion developed over 1,400 years ago. However, the rise of violent acts by Islamic extremists in the 20th and early 21st centuries, such as the attacks of 9/11, have made world leaders take notice of the growing threat and realize that it continues to grow. We cannot label all Muslims as dangerous and extremist, but the amount of followers willing to hurt and kill others and themselves in the name of Allah, in order to further their cause have increased dramatically throughout the years. This research paper will explore what has happened within the Islamic co mmunity to turn Islam from a peaceful and accepting religion to one that is synonymous with brutality, death and terrorism. Today is probably not the first time you are going to read that Islam is a religion of peace and it does not permit Muslims to kill innocent and defenseless people. Its practically everywhere, type the words in your internet browser and you will find hundreds of articles authored by Arabs and supporters claiming Islam is innocent and not to be blame for the chain of ruthless and barbaric terrorism attacks around the world. Some of them even have the nerve to point their fingers to the west accusing the Americans of making false connection between Islam and Terrorism. It is true that we cannot label Muslims as terrorist and we do believe that majority of them are god fearing and peace loving people. However, the reality that the teachings of Islam encourages fundamentalist to brutally slaughter innocent people, men, women, and children are absolutely not anyone's idea of a peaceful religion and somebody or something must be responsible for it. The increasing role of Islam in terrorism is not entirely surprising considering the fact those Islamic extremists are using the doctrines of Islam to justify their killings. Furthermore, If we are going to consult some of the teachings of Islam or shall we say the teachings of Prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon him) through the articles written by their scholars, we will come across some terrifying verses in the Qur'an1 that undeniably encourages violence. Since it is the source of inspiration by Islamic extremist, the study of Islamic teaching is vital in learning the truth behind the persistent and increasing propagation of terrorism against western countries and unbelievers.

The Cold War in Berlin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Cold War in Berlin - Research Paper Example He stated that if one was claiming that communism was good, he should come to West Berlin and see the capitalism taste. This was meant to demonstrate how well the capitalism ideology had spurred significant economic growth and political freedom in West Berlin. He also asserted that dividing people and putting them under oppression was not only contravention of individual human rights but a recipe to economic backwardness. He reiterated the need for a united people and pursuit of capitalism which was characterized by democracy â€Å"Freedom has many difficulties, and democracy is not perfect But we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us!† He demonstrated how West Berlin had prospered despite being physically separated from the rest of the world and directly championed for adoption of democracy as a tool towards capitalism before he gave a closing remark amidst a cheering crowd of how proud he was to be a West Berliner (Smyser, 200 9).It is worth to note that John. Kennedy’s visit was also meant for a meeting with the Soviet Union Leader Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna Austria for a retreat in terms of the oppressive rule over the East Berlin people. The meeting ended in a stalemate and increased tension between US and Soviet Union. At some point, the US threatened to react with military force if their rights in West Berlin were interfered with in any way by the communist Soviet Union. To achieve this, the second wall which was known as border wall 75 was created in 1975.

Domestic Intelligence and Priorities versus Politics Essay

Domestic Intelligence and Priorities versus Politics - Essay Example (Gillam & Mogren, 2007) This is mainly related to protection by the law enforcement or the constitution of the country. These two (domestic intelligence and law enforcement) are both meant to protect the citizens from terrorist attacks or any other form of insecurity. Scholars however states that the two cannot work together since they tend to be having different objectives. The law enforcement mainly focuses on protection of the citizens while domestic intelligence, though still protecting the citizens, is meant to collect information and search for any terrorists at all costs. It is therefore argued that, in the process of gathering the information, the citizens’ privacy is compromised and thus their civil liberties threatened. In my opinion however, domestic intelligence is worthwhile since it protects the citizens. I would argue that a decrease in the civil liberties in order to enforce further protection from terrorism is better than freedom with no security. It would be better for domestic intelligence to be increased so as to protect the citizens from any possible terrorists than to claim that civil liberties are being violated. This is mainly because, if civil liberties are given the first priority the terrorists will also take advantage of this and thus hide among the citizens without being identified. The government determines the key infrastructure and key assets through determination of the benefits that are likely to be obtained from the infrastructure and also assessment of the costs that are involved. Determination of whether resources are equally distributed is determined by the level of participation of citizens in the various economic activities of the country. When most of the countries citizens are contributing to the income of the country, then it shows that the resources are well distributed. This is because it is an indication that people can access both economic, education

Select an Industry and Analyse it According to Porter's Five Forces Essay

Select an Industry and Analyse it According to Porter's Five Forces - Essay Example However, before venturing into this tiny automobile industry, it is essential to evaluate the competitive forces. If the forces are intense, it becomes difficult to achieve attractive returns on investment (Porter, 2008). However, the company achieves profits when the forces are benign. The strongest competitive forces determine the profitability of the industry and also guide the firm in developing the strategy. Based on Porter’s Five Forces Model, the picture of competition can be build in three stages – identification of the specific competitive pressures with each of the five forces, evaluate the strength of each of the five competitive forces, and determine if the collective effect of the five forces is conducive to making profits within the industry. The five forces that shape strategy have been shown in the diagram below and each of them has been discussed separately: Source: Porter (2008). Threat of new entrants The automobile industry is mature and to survive i n this industry the firm must be able to achieve economies of scale. This requires mass production and heavy investments. Because of low sales consolidation is taking place in the industry. Apart from manufacturing regular innovation is necessary to sustain and this requires heavy investments in research and development as well. The cost of entry into an industry also depends upon the probable reaction from existing competitors (Porter, n.d.). High switching costs also deter a manufacturer from entering an industry. Switching costs in this case may be high because of periodical technology up-gradation to survive in the market. Automobile manufacturing and especially with new technology requires intensive distribution strategy with several distribution channels. This becomes difficult for a new entrant to establish and hence threat from new entrants is low. However, foreign competition, new technology and management skills do pose a threat in the industry. Moreover, the UK government is supportive of innovation in the auto industry which makes the threat from new entrants high. Bargaining power of suppliers The automobile manufacturers now outsource bulk of their auto parts to other manufacturers thereby enabling them to focus on the core products, on innovation and research and development. This is known as the OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) principle where the industry brand name works with a large number of suppliers (Molnar, 2009).This implies that one automobile manufacturer is dependent on several suppliers at the same time and these suppliers too may be sub-contracting work in turn. Thus there are several layers of suppliers for each automobile manufacturer. Toyota in fact has two or three suppliers for the same parts which reduces their dependency on one single supplier (SD, 2005). This suggests that the bargaining power of suppliers is low in the industry. However, since this is a new concept with innovative technology the dependency on supplier s may be high initially as more manufacturers enter the market. Bargaining power of buyers The automobile industry is totally dependent on the sale of output by the buyers. Thus the bargaining power of buyers is high. Buyers have become demanding of facilities and are also price

Curriculum Development Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Curriculum Development Process - Essay Example Engagement – students are allowed to post more entries than required in the blog and comment on the texts of more students. The level of participation evidences their initiative and interest in the activity. Cultural knowledge – students search for supporting materials which can be related to Spanish-speaking culture and communities, and they acquire new cultural knowledge by sharing materials and experiences with others. Knowledge integration – writing posts in a blog and researching for it helps students develop ICT skills; students are given opportunities to find and read information on history, geography, society, art, and literature of Spanish-speaking countries. According to the expectations of the stage 6 syllabus, students have acquired a significant understanding of the function of grammar in Spanish (Board of Studies NSW, 2009: 17), a deep basis for the approach to complex authentic texts in this language. Additionally, they have practiced listening, reading, writing and speaking skills, they have studied Spanish for many hours, and they have acquired knowledge and experience on Spanish language and culture. This unit of work covers the topic Lifestyles within the theme The Spanish-speaking communities, and it relates to the theme The individual as well, because the own experience and the experience of other individuals is considered. I will show students that they have access to a variety of resources to regulate their own learning process since they can find bilingual and monolingual dictionaries, read newspapers and magazines in Spanish, and watch videos, among others.

WWI and WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WWI and WWII - Essay Example A second cause of the First World War was the newly acquired military strength (arms race) of the European and the Asian nations. With no justified cause to test their military capabilities, the animosity in regard to the colonies came as a welcome relief. Significant alliances made prior to 1914 by strong hold countries in Europe also fueled the war. For instance, the Triple Entente in which France, Britain, and Russia agreed not to sign peace treaties separately. There is also the Triple alliance comprising of Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. The commencement of the First World War saw the utilization of the legal obligations subject to these treaties. The need to prove political and military dominance stemmed from nationalism. For instance, Slavics in Bosnia and Herzegovina preferred to be part of Serbia. Their protest against Austria-Hungary’s domination of these two regions led to the final and presumably immediate trigger of this war, the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The WW1 has similarity in causation with the First World War. Germany, in both instances, instigated the war with more valor than the other nations. In the case of the First World War, military prowess was the motivating factor. However, the Second World War was a case of wounded pride owing to the Treaty of Versailles. The policy of disarmament, which made them vulnerable to other countries attacks, also seemed unfair. Unlike the First World War, dialogue as a means of curbing war dominated the years before the Second World War. An example of a failed Dialogue is the Munich agreement (1938) which Hitler broke barely a year after enactment. The Failure of the League of Nations to foster peace as a result of military and monetary incapability also contributed to the Second World War. For the other nations such as Britain and France, nationalism as a cause was as eminent as in the

Online education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online education - Essay Example With advanced technology, the world today has adopted everything to be digital. With learning institutions not left behind, today traditional form of learning is being replaced with online learning.Many higher learning institutions and colleges are offering Massive Open Online Courses where students register and learn online. Initially, people get updated with dynamic changing demands in profession, education, industries and commerce. There is more use of blogs, e-portfolios, and smart phones, projectors among others (Zane and Lin 357). Online education is widely used by people aging between 30 years and above since they find it hard to be in a classroom with young people. In addition, online courses offer freedom to learners as they can attend classes at their own convenience. That is there is no time table as to the time and venue where the course will be taken. This makes it flexible and convenient to full time workers, employers, parents and any other person who cannot afford tim e to attend classes. Online education discriminates the poor who cannot access internet or computers at their homes (Rina 55). Since every development and advancement has both benefits and limitations, online learning has social, economic, social and technological limitations. By comparing the traditional mode of learning and the online education, traditional learning method has more beneficial factors to online education. Traditional education was not only gaining knowledge but it encouraged social interaction. By interacting with other people, one is able to gain courage and understand the real life experiences. In addition, group discussion is a motivating factor that helps students to face life with courage. Majority of those who support online education argue that it is time saving and cost effective. To be relevant, it saves the traveling time to students but to educators, it is not time saving compared to traditional education. This is because the educator has to respond to e very student’s query which is all different. It is difficult to address the requirements of students’ different backgrounds and cultural beliefs which might be different from the educational culture provided online (Siddiqui 92). In addition, online education is not convincing enough since the learner does not get the argumentative point to a response. To support traditional method, students and teachers are more exposed to subjects as they learn from each other (Yukiko 96). For instance, a student learns from another student views, the teacher’s stand, and this leads to better educators, therefore, better system. In addition, in one has access to a variety of materials to study like student’s centre, library, laboratories and writing centre. These facilities are not available in online learning and the learning environment may not be conducive for learning due to interruptions of children, unexpected visitors among other family issues. Online education l imits thinking capacity and narrows the development process of children (Dominguez 17). In the growth and development of children, it is important for them to interact socially and play together. With the introduction of online education, children sit behind a computer and perform his or her task. This is so boring to them and they may end up developing some flimsy characteristics. Traditional education gives room for interaction and sharing of idea in and out of classroom. This is because all students participate in group discussions and during break time, they are able to interact freely. Additionally, learning is not only books and exams, there is need to discuss factors affecting like. In traditional learning, instructors teach students social life as he or share life experiences (Beers 512). This is a way of guiding students on how to

Osmosis and Potato Chips Essay Example for Free

Osmosis and Potato Chips Essay Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semi permeable membrane. An osmotic system is established when a semi-permeable membrane is placed between two solutions. In this biological systems context, osmosis is the exchange of water between the potato cell and the surrounding medium of varying sucrose concentrated solutions, with the plasma membrane being the semi- permeable membrane. Because water molecules have kinetic energy, they are constantly moving around in gaseous or liquid form, moving randomly from one place or another. The greater the concentration of water molecules in a system or solution, the greater the total kinetic energy, and the higher its water potential. This means, that as the concentration of glucose increases in a solution, the concentration of water decreases, lessening the solutions water potential, and lessening its ability to move between solutions by osmosis. Relating this to the potato chips: basically, as the concentration of glucose in each solution increases, the water in that solution is less able to move to the potato as there is a higher concentration of water in the potato chip than in the highly concentrated sucrose solution, causing water from the potato to move to the solution, thereby achieving a percentage loss in mass. At concentrations such as 0.0molL-1 and 0.9molL-1, the concentration gradient is steeper; therefore the rate of diffusion is quicker. For the potato chips in the hypertonic 0.9 sucrose solution, the concentration of water molecules in the potato chip cells is greater than the water molecules in the 0.9 sucrose solution. This means that through the process of osmosis, water molecules will move from the potato cell through its semi permeable membrane and into the sucrose solution, therefore resulting in a percentage loss in mass of the potato chips as depicted by my results (a loss of XXX%), thereby justifying w hy the potato chips in the 0.9 sucrose solution being plasmolyzed. In comparison, in the hypotonic tap water solution, the tap water with no sucrose solution (0.0) will have greater water concentration compared to the potato chip, forming a steeper concentration gradient. This means that through the process of osmosis, water molecules will move from the tap water solution through the potato chip cells semi permeable membrane and into the sucrose solution resulting in the rate of water movement from the tap water solution to the cells in the potato chips to be quicker, resulting in a net percentage gain of mass  as shown by my results (a gain of XXX%), therefore justifying why the potato chips in the tap water solution became turgid. As the potato chips are placed into sucrose solutions which concentrations of sucrose are closer to the approximate isotonic range (0.1-0.2), the concentration gradient between the semi permeable membrane of the potato chip cells and sucrose solutions decreases, thereby resulting in the potato chips in the 0.1 solution having only a slight percentage mass increase while the potato chips in the 0.3 sucrose solution having a lower percentage mass loss compared to the potato chips in the 0.9 sucrose solution over the approximate 24-hour period. In the living cell, both the cell wall and plasma membrane determine the permeability of the cell, but the latter of the two is the least permeable of the two. The ability of a substance to pass through these barriers is known as the permeation of the substance. Since not all substances may pass into or out of the cell, the cell surface is known as selectively permeable or as a semi permeable membrane. The semi permeability varies from cell to cell and under certain conditions. A solution in which the concentration of sucrose is greater than that inside the cell is called a Hypertonic solution and will cause a cell to become plasmolyzed. An example of this in my results is the test at 1 molar. In other words, it becomes dehydrated and loses water through plasmolysis. If the concentration of the sucrose solution outside the cell is less than that inside the cell, this means that the solution is Hypotonic to the cells of the potato chip. The water will diffuse into the cells, making it turgid. This would explain why potato chips put into a solution of 0 molar seemed very firm compared to the potato chip used for 1 molar, this was because the cells of the potato had lost their turgor, and had become flaccid. To conclude this, I can say that the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is affected by concentration of glucose solution, or by any other solution. The higher the concentration of glucose solution, the potato chip will have a net percentage loss in mass.